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Fishbone Diagram is a visualization tool for categorizing the potential causes of a problem in order to identify its root causes. In this diagram, the fish head represents the main problem and the fish bones are the potential causes of the problem that are usually derived from brainstorming sessions or research.
60 min
Group size (+)
Too long (+)
- Sketch the diagram. Identify the outcome or effect to be analyzed.
- Use a chart pack positioned visible for everyone, draw a horizontal arrow pointing to the right (spine) and create the effect box (brief description of the outcome).
- Identify the main causes contributing to the effect being studied and connect them with the spine using a diagonal line to form a branch.
- For each major factor, identify other specific factors, which may be the causes of the effect (sub-causes).
- Evaluate the selected causes for rightness, identify increasingly more detailed levels of causes and continue classifying them under similar categories. You can do this by asking a series of why questions.
- Analyze the diagram and develop the causes until you have extended an appropriate level of details in order to examine a change and measure its effects.
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The flower-method can be used to develop an idea further and to combine it with other ideas. A best possible outcome can be achieved with 10-12 participants. The method is a visual reflection of: what, who, how and when is needed.
60 min
Group size (+)
Too long (+)
- Hand out the circles.
- Write down the answers.
- Present the ideas within the group.
- Plenum.
- Wall with enough space.
- Cut enough big and small circles.
- Provide writing utensils and adhesive tape.
Online: make sure there is a way that people can collect ideas for the aspects "who, where, when, how". E.g. use a digital whiteboard or prepare documents to share.
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Goal Directed Visual Context Scenarios
The method of "Goal Directed Visual Context Scenarios" for innovation management is derived from the Goal Directed Design Process and blended with Requirements Engineering techniques. In Goal Directed Design user goals inform or direct all design decisions regarding a future product, service or process. A goal is a final purpose or aim, an objective driven by a need. Future users with their needs, goals and their motivation are described with the use of "personas". Personas are not real people, but they represent them throughout the design process. They are hypothetical archetypes of actual or possible users. Although they are imaginary, they are defined with significant rigor and precision.
180 min
Group size (+)
Too long (+)
- Gather the workshop participants and split them into teams of 3-8 members.
- Divide the pool of ideas into 2-3 ideas for each team. One idea is processed, the remaining are for backup (Duration: 5 min)
- Each team runs a workshop to work out scenarios for each idea (Duration: 70 min per idea)
- First, the skeleton of one scenario is created: (Duration 25 min)
- Intended users, their goals and the general context are identified
- Second, the user goals are functionally decomposed into tasks to achieve them. The tasks are written down on post-its and pinned to the bulletin board in the right sequence
- Step a and b are iterated, such that goal, persona and scenario, result in a meaningful sequence. This skeleton-scenario must show, if the idea has the potential to result in a valuable, usable and feasible product, service or process. If this is not the case, the idea is skipped and the next one is chosen.
- If the skeleton is fine, adequate visuals for the persona and the context information of each task are created by hand drawings, by researching on the Internet or by taking pictures. These pictures are pinned around the tasks. (Duration: 10 min)
- The scenarios are fully walked through and the underlying idea is judged on this basis: (Duration: 10 min)
- Do the goal, persona and scenario still result in a meaningful sequence?
- Are there any possibilities to achieve the goal easier? E.g. by skipping steps or tasks or by assuming other solutions?
- Does the solution fit to the persona as well as to the context?
- The resulting scenarios are explained to and discussed in a plenum. (Duration: 10 min)
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The Lotus Blossom technique is designed for groups and is used to provide a more in-depth look at various solutions to problems. It begins with a central core idea surrounded by eight empty boxes or circles. Using brainstorming, eight additional ideas (solutions or issues) are written in these boxes.
60 min
Group size (+)
Too long (+)
- The facilitator works with the group to articulate and document the central idea or concept to be explored. This is written, usually on a large flip-chart paper for the entire group to see.
- The group 'brainstorms' up to eight significant characteristics or attributes of the topic under discussion. These are 'sub-ideas' which are to be explored later. This original diagram becomes the original 'Lotus Blossom' diagram. Each of the sub-ideas are 'seeds' for more Lotus Blossoms.
- Each sub-idea seed becomes the central idea for a new Lotus Blossom diagram. This process is repeated for each of the original sub-ideas.
- Once all the Lotus Blossom diagrams have been created, they can be used as an agenda and topics for further discussions or analysis.
- Create a template on a computer or draw a Lotus Blossom diagram on a wall chart.
- If Ideas have been collected in a previous step, they can be collected on Post It's and stuck onto the template to be further developed.
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Choose this activity if you don't find a suitable method, and edit it in the time table.
30 min
Group size (+)
Too long (+)
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The morphological box is a creativity technique. In this method, the development of ideas is made possible with a systematic approach of constructing a multidimensional matrix.
180 min
Group size (+)
Too long (+)
- Explain the participants the problem that is going to be covered in the Workshop. It will serve as a header for the Morphological Box.
- Higher-level parameters are allocated to the subordinate aspects, and entered in the first column of the matrix. For reasons of complexity, there should be no more than seven features selected. These should be as independent of one another as possible, and must be applicable to all possible solution variants relevant to the problem in its entirety. This step is the crucial one, and it may be supported by the use of other creativity techniques like mind-mapping.
- For each parameter, possible attributes are now determined and entered in the matrix cells to the right of the associated feature. If at this stage the features give rise to too many attributes, so that the scheme becomes unmanageable, it is possible to reduce the undue complexity of the situation by breaking it down into sub-matrices.
- The participants should establish possible combinations. Each possible combination of individual attributes represents a solution, which is linked with a line on the matrix.
- Evaluation of the alternatives and selection of a solution. The possibilities can be discussed and analyzed in a plenum. An evaluation can also take place in the selection phase.
- Define the problem that has to be analyzed.
- In case the parameters and values are not established during the workshop, they have to be defined ahead of the workshop.
Online: make sure that there are enough picutres of tables, which show new combinations to explore. You may use Excels saved as PDF, or fotografed paintings etc.
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The repertory grid provides insight into the way people evaluate different things. It can be applied to products and expectations, as well as to perceptions of people and their roles. Two or three elements are chosen and weighed up against each other. This way, the preferences of an individual can be evaluated by different variables.
180 min
Group size (+)
Too long (+)
1. The survey of constructs:
- Groups of three are formed to record the commonalities and differences in the hidden constructs (TRIAD Method).
- Commonalities are referred to as ‘Construct poles’, while differences are called ‘Contrast poles’.
- Testers should find two commonalities and one difference.
- The exercise continues until they are unable to name any new constructs.
2. The rating
- In the end, a tester evaluates all the elements, according to a rating scale, based on all the constructs that have been surveyed.
3. The evaluation
- One can use the qualitative approach, for example, the content, contingency or equivalence analysis clarifies how frequently categories correlate with or exclude each other.
- The grid also permits quantitative evaluation (among others, principal component analysis or cluster analysis).
How do I utilise the repertory grid?
Choice of testers:
The selection of testers is based on their familiarity with the elements, the topic and the questions.
Choice of elements:
- They must be known to the testers.
- They must be comparable to each other.
- They must mean something to the testers.
- They must open up a broad spectrum of differences.
The number of elements should range from six to twenty-five, to ensure that the exercise is not too complex, but that the results are still representative.
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The SCAMPER technique is a creativity tool based on the philosophy that everything new is a modification of an idea that already exists. In this method a checklist is used in the form of an acronym, in order to remind you of words and questions that will stimulate the imagination, induce new ideas and help to explore the issues. The SCAMPER stands for: S-Substitute; C-Combine; A-Adapt; M-Modify, Magnify, Minify; P-Put to other uses; E-Eliminate; R-Reverse or Rearrange
60 min
Group size (+)
Too long (+)
- State the challenge briefly and clearly. Write it on a flipchart.
- Pick a letter from the SCAMPER list. State the word it represents and ask, "What new ideas for this challenge might this word suggest?"
- Write the answers on the flipchart.
- Use several probing questions from the description for this word, to help the group stretch and go beyond their first thoughts.
- Choose additional letters from the SCAMPER acronym when you sense that the group needs additional prompting or that they have exhausted the possibilities for any given word. Use any or all of the letters, words, and questions.
- Review the list of options generated by the group to determine if they have met the stated task or challenge.
- Get familiar with the acronym, make sure you know the probing questions.
- If needed print the questions.
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